Skip to Main Content

Research Guidelines: Academic vs Non-academic Sources

Academic/Scholarly Sources

Scholarly sources are written by experts in their field and are typically subjected to peer review. They are intended for a scholarly audience, include a full bibliography, and use scholarly or technical language. For these reasons, they are typically considered credible sources.

© Scribbr

A scholarly source is an article or publication written by a subject-matter expert who ensures that the information it contains is updated, accurate, and of utmost quality. Usually, this information is derived from their findings, theories, analyses, and insights from years of research. Scholarly sources can include journal articles, books, conference publications, and even websites.

© Elsevier

Scholarly sources (also called academic, peer-reviewed, or refereed sources) are written by and for faculty, researchers, or scholars. When we use the term scholarly sources in this article, we mostly refer to scholarly, peer-reviewed journals, but scholarly sources can be anything from books to conference publications, either electronic or print-based. These sources will provide the most substantial information for your research.

© Paperpile

Academic Publishers

Here is the list of the academic publishers you can find at the IML Library. If the book you are reading has been published by one of those, it means you are in front of an academic source. 

  • Bloomsbury
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Harvard University Press
  • Kogan Page
  • MIT Press
  • Open University Press
  • Oxford University Press
  • Palgrave Macmillan
  • Pearson
  • Penguin Random House
  • Routledge
  • Sage
  • Springer
  • Taylor and Francis
  • University of Chicago Press
  • Wiley
  • Wiley-Blackwell

The IML Library also gives you access to academic journals which you can find on:

  • Emerald (More info here)
    • Emerald Marketing eJournal Collection
    • International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management
    • Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal
    • Strategic Direction
  • Taylor and Francis Online (More info here)
    • Fashion Theory 
    • Fashion Practice 
    • Design for Health 
    • Interiors: Design, Architecture, Culture 
  • Intellect Discovery (More info here)
    • Fashion Collection
    • Communication & Media Studies Collection 

Non-Academic Sources/Popular sources

Popular sources like magazines and news articles are typically written by journalists. These types of sources usually don’t include a bibliography and are written for a popular, rather than academic, audience. They are not always reliable and may be written from a biased or uninformed perspective, but they can still be cited in some contexts.

© Scribbr

Non-scholarly sources are sources that are not considered academic or peer-reviewed. They can include sources such as news articles, blog posts, social media posts, and websites that are not associated with an academic institution or professional organization. These sources may be less reliable or credible than scholarly sources and should be used with caution when conducting research. 

© helpfulprofessor

Useful Resources

What is Peer-Review?

The process of someone reading, checking, and giving his or her opinion about something that has been written by another scientist or expert working in the same subject area, or a piece of work in which this is done.

© Cambridge Dictionary

Peer review is designed to assess the validity, quality and often the originality of articles for publication. Its ultimate purpose is to maintain the integrity of science by filtering out invalid or poor quality articles. From a publisher’s perspective, peer review functions as a filter for content, directing better quality articles to better quality journals and so creating journal brands.

© Wiley Author Services